Heteromeles arbutifolia (Toyon)

Prized for its foliage, flowers, and berries, Heteromeles arbutifolia (Toyon) is a handsome evergreen shrub or small tree with a rounded crown clothed with rosettes of leathery, sharply toothed, dark green leaves, 2 in. long (5 cm). Blooming profusely in summer, small white flowers appear in terminal flat-topped clusters. They attract butterflies and other insects and have a mild, hawthorn-like fragrance. Shining against the foliage, they are followed in fall and winter by great quantities of pea-sized bright red berries, which persist well into the winter and are popular for Christmas decorations. The berries are relished by birds and small mammals and used to be cooked and eaten by Native Americans. A handsome shrub worthy of inclusion in the landscape, as a screen or hedge. Since it is fire retardant when given enough moisture, it can be planted near houses. A most beautiful California native that is easy to grow.

• Usually grows up to 6-8 ft. high (180-240 cm) and 4-5 ft. wide (12-150 cm) but can reach 15-25 ft. tall (450-750 cm) and 8-15 ft. wide (240-450 cm) over time.
• A full sun to part shade lover, this plant is easily grown in poor, dry, well-drained soils. Adaptable, it can handle a wide variety of soils, including clay, sand, and serpentine. Water twice per month in summer after the plant is established. Drought tolerant after the first few years, but looks better with moderate irrigation.
• Perfect for banks and slopes (erosion control), as a specimen or accent plant, and hedges. Great in Mediterranean gardens.
• Susceptible to fire blight, black mildew, scales and thrips, sudden oak death, armillaria, and root rot.
• Propagation by seed, but germination is slow.
• Berries contain cyanide compounds and are poisonous to humans if eaten in large quantities. All parts of Heteromeles arbutifolia contain cyanogenic glycosides, which are toxic to horses. The toxicity level varies on the stage of growth and part of the plant. Toxins are highest during the new growth of leaves and immature fruits.
• Native to California.