Parrotia persica (Persian Ironwood)

Parrotia persica, commonly known as the Persian Ironwood, is a deciduous tree celebrated for its multi-seasonal interest, which includes vibrant autumn foliage, subtle yet captivating winter flowers, and exquisite bark.

Parrotia persica: An In-depth Look

Native: This unique tree is native to the forests of Northern Iran and the Caucasus, giving it the name Persian Ironwood.

Plant Type and Habit: Parrotia persica is a wide-spreading, deciduous deciduous tree or large shrub, often multi-stemmed. The branching structure is often irregular but aesthetically pleasing, contributing to its ornamental value.

Size: In cultivation, it typically grows to 15-30 feet (4.5 to 9 meters) in height and has a similar or slightly larger spread.

Flowers: Parrotia persica flowers are tiny, red, and spider-like. They lack petals but have dark red stamens that provide a pop of color against winter’s gray skies. This tree blooms in late winter to early spring, offering interest in a season when most other plants are dormant.

Fruits: The fruit of the Parrotia is a two-valved capsule containing a couple of seeds; however, it is inconspicuous and not particularly ornamental.

Foliage: The leaves are simple, obovate, and come in a glossy green color. Come fall, the foliage turns a dazzling array of colors—from golden yellow to fiery red.

Bark: One of its most striking features is the bark. As the tree matures, the outer layer of its smooth, gray bark begins to exfoliate, revealing patches of cream, yellow, and green underneath. This creates a mottled, almost mosaic-like appearance that adds year-round interest, making it a highly valued ornamental tree for its bark alone.

Hardiness: Parrotia persica is remarkably hardy, tolerating USDA Zones 4-7. It can withstand a wide range of soil types and environmental conditions.

Uses: This tree is often used for ornamental purposes, owing to its attractive foliage, bark, and fall color. It is also used in avenue plantings, as a specimen tree, and is well suited to an open woodland setting. It is pollution tolerant.

Wildlife: While not a primary source of food for wildlife, its flowers attract pollinators like bees.

Deer and Rabbits: Deer will infrequently nibble on the young branches or seedlings of Ironwood, but this tends to happen only when their preferred food options are scarce.

Drought: Though it prefers moist, well-drained soil, Parrotia persica demonstrates a fair amount of drought resistance once established. It is also heat tolerant.

Toxicity: Parrotia persica is non-toxic to both humans and animals, making it a safe choice for family gardens.

Invasiveness: The tree is not considered invasive in North America. It has a slow to moderate growth rate and doesn’t pose a threat to native vegetation.

Benefits: Besides its ornamental benefits, Parrotia persica is low-maintenance, adaptable to various soil types, and pest-resistant—attributes that make it a fantastic choice for both novice and experienced gardeners.

How to Grow and Care for Persian Ironwood

Light: Parrotia persica thrives in full sun to light shade. A sunny spot will help produce the most vibrant fall colors.

Soil: This tree is adaptable to a wide range of soil types but prefers well-drained, moderately fertile soil. It tolerates poor soils and acidic to slightly alkaline pH levels.

Water: Water moderately, especially during the first year to establish roots. Once established, it is relatively drought-tolerant but prefers consistent moisture.

Fertilizer: A balanced slow-release fertilizer can be applied in early spring, although Parrotia persica is not particularly demanding in terms of nutrients.

Pruning: Minimal pruning is required, mostly for shape and to remove any dead or diseased branches. Pruning is best done in late winter or early spring.

Propagation: Propagate by semi-hardwood or softwood cuttings.

Pests and Diseases: Parrotia persica is relatively resistant to pests and diseases. Keep an eye out for armillaria root rot.