Pecan, Sweet Pecan, Pecan Hickory, Pecan Nut, Pecan Tree, Hardy Pecan, Illinois Nut Tree, Carya oliviformis, Carya pecan, Hicoria pecan, Juglans illinoensis, Juglans illinoensis
Carya illinoinensis, better known as the pecan tree, is the source of one of America’s most beloved nuts—and desserts! Whether you’re making a classic pecan pie, baking pecan sandies or butter pecan cookies, this nut is a culinary icon with Southern charm and serious flavor power.
Part of the walnut family (Juglandaceae), the pecan tree shares its lineage with other native trees like pignut hickory (Carya glabra, bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), black walnut (Juglans nigra), and shagbark hickory (Carya ovata). Stately and long-lived, it is a backyard favorite in many warm climates.
Ah, the great debate: pee-KAHN or PEE-can? Both are technically correct—it depends on where you live! In the Southern U.S., “puh-KAHN” is more common, while “PEE-can” is popular in the North. Pick your favorite and stick with it—either way, it’s tasty!
Pecans are the edible nuts of the Carya illinoinensis tree. Encased in a green husk that splits open as it ripens, the smooth brown shell inside holds the familiar buttery nut. Whether eaten raw, roasted, or baked into your favorite pecan pie recipe, pecans are rich, crunchy, and satisfyingly sweet.
Pecan trees are native to the rich bottomlands of the Mississippi River Valley and parts of northern Mexico. Today, they are widely cultivated across the southeastern and south-central United States. Major commercial production happens in Georgia (often dubbed the “Pecan Capital of the U.S.”), Texas (where the pecan is the official state tree), New Mexico, and Oklahoma. Smaller orchards and backyard trees also thrive in states like Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas, Arizona, and even parts of California and Florida, wherever the climate offers long, hot summers and mild winters.
A pecan tree is a large, deciduous species with a spreading canopy. It grows tall and wide with age, developing a straight trunk and long, arching branches.
Trees can grow up to 70–100 feet tall (21-30 m) with a 40–75 foot (12-22 m) spread. With proper care, they can live and produce nuts for over 100 years!
Pecan trees have a moderate to fast growth rate, especially during their early years. Under optimal conditions, young trees can grow up to 2–4 feet (60–120 cm) per year. Growth slows as the tree matures, but healthy trees continue developing for decades. They typically begin producing nuts between 6 to 10 years after planting, with peak production often reached around 20 years.
Pecans produce male and female flowers on the same tree (monoecious), but they don’t usually mature at the same time—so multiple trees are needed for optimal pollination. Male flowers are in long catkins; female flowers are smaller and located at branch tips.
The fruit is technically a drupe, not a true nut. The green outer husk splits open in fall to reveal the familiar brown, grooved shell. Inside, you’ll find the golden nutmeat we all love. Pecan trees can create significant litter from falling nuts and leaves, which may be a consideration for landscape use.
Leaves are long and pinnately compound, with 9–17 narrow leaflets per leaf. The foliage provides excellent summer shade and turns golden in autumn.
Pecan trees thrive in USDA zones 6–9 (sometimes zone 5b with hardy cultivars). They need hot summers, deep soil, and space to spread. They’re moderately drought-tolerant once established.
Trees attract birds, squirrels, deer, and other wildlife that feast on the nuts. Pollinators also visit their spring flowers.
Pecans are safe for human consumption, but be cautious with pets—too many nuts (especially salted or moldy ones) can cause digestive issues or more serious reactions.
Pecan trees are not invasive. They are well-behaved, and make excellent shade or orchard trees.
Pecans aren’t just for pie—though we’ll admit, a slice of classic pecan pie is hard to beat! These rich, buttery nuts are incredibly versatile in the kitchen, the workshop, and even the beauty aisle.
Pecans are nutritional powerhouses—packed with heart-healthy fats, antioxidants, fiber, and essential minerals like magnesium, copper, and zinc. They support cardiovascular health, help lower LDL (bad) cholesterol, and may aid in blood sugar control and cognitive function. They’re also naturally low in carbs and gluten-free.
Fun fact: Pecans are the only major tree nut native to North America—so go ahead and enjoy that bourbon pecan pie or those butter pecan cookies with extra pride!
Pecans may taste indulgent, but they’re surprisingly nutrient-rich! These buttery nuts are packed with heart-healthy fats, fiber, antioxidants, and essential minerals—making them much more than just a pie ingredient.
Here’s a detailed nutritional breakdown per 100g of raw pecan nuts:
Nutrient | Amount (per 100g) | % Daily Value (DV) |
---|---|---|
Calories | 691 kcal | — |
Total Fat | 72g | 110% |
Saturated Fat | 6.2g | 31% |
Monounsaturated Fat | 40g | — |
Polyunsaturated Fat | 21g | — |
Protein | 9g | 18% |
Carbohydrates | 14g | 5% |
Fiber | 10g | 40% |
Sugars | 4g | — |
Magnesium | 121mg | 30% |
Zinc | 4.5mg | 41% |
Copper | 1.2mg | 60% |
Manganese | 4.5mg | 195% |
Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) | 0.7mg | 58% |
Phosphorus | 277mg | 28% |
Sodium | 0mg | 0% |
Note: Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000-calorie diet. Pecans are nutrient-dense and offer a rich blend of healthy fats, minerals, and fiber that benefit heart, brain, and digestive health.
Pecans aren’t just for pecan pie—they’re a powerhouse of nutrition with some impressive health perks packed into every buttery bite. Here’s why these nuts deserve a spot in your pantry:
Whether you’re snacking on a handful of raw pecans, baking up a batch of pecan sandies or butter pecan cookies, you’re giving your body some delicious love. Just remember—they’re calorie dense, so a small handful goes a long way!
Pecans are generally safe and nutritious for most people, especially when eaten in moderation. However, like any food, they can have some potential side effects or considerations:
In general, enjoying pecans as part of a balanced diet offers more benefits than drawbacks. Just be mindful of portions and any personal sensitivities.
Pecans are delicious, versatile, and can be enjoyed in both sweet and savory dishes—or simply eaten on their own! Here are some tasty and creative ways to enjoy them:
No matter how you pronounce it—pecans are a flavorful way to elevate your meals and treats.
Curious about which nuts are topping snack bowls and culinary charts around the world? Here’s a flavorful lineup of the most popular edible nuts—some true nuts, some not technically nuts (we’re looking at you, peanuts!), but all commonly enjoyed and commercially important. Meet the nutty all-stars:
Almond (Prunus dulcis), Cashew (Anacardium occidentale), Walnut (Juglans regia), Pecan (Carya illinoinensis), Hazelnut (Corylus avellana), Macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia, Macadamia tetraphylla), Pistachio (Pistacia vera), Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa), Pine nut (Pinus pinea, Pinus koraiensis, and other Pinus species), Peanut (Arachis hypogaea), Chestnut (Castanea sativa, Castanea dentata), Hickory nut (Carya species), Pili nut (Canarium ovatum), Ginkgo nut (Ginkgo biloba), Baru nut (Dipteryx alata), and Ogbono nut (Irvingia gabonensis).
From creamy macadamias and rich pecans to protein-packed peanuts and wild acorns, this diverse bunch has something for everyone—whether you’re baking, snacking, or just cracking open something new!
Pecan trees are majestic, long-living nut trees that not only provide delicious nuts but also offer generous shade and beautiful seasonal interest. While they take some patience, the rewards are truly worth it!
Choose a sunny, open site with plenty of space. Full sun is essential for optimal growth and nut production. Trees grow large—up to 70–100 feet tall (21–30 m) with a spread of 40–75 feet (12–23 m). Plant them away from buildings and power lines. For orchard planting, trees are typically spaced 60–80 feet (18-24 m) apart.
They thrive in deep, well-drained, fertile soil. Loamy or sandy loam with good organic content and a neutral to slightly acidic pH (6.0–7.0) is ideal.
Young trees need consistent moisture during their first few years. Water deeply, especially during dry periods. Mature trees are drought-tolerant but will produce better nuts with regular watering during the growing season.
Feed your tree annually in early spring with a balanced fertilizer, such as 10-10-10, or one formulated for nut trees. Avoid over-fertilizing, especially with nitrogen, which can reduce nut yield.
Trees are wind-pollinated and are usually not self-fertile. For best nut production, plant at least two different cultivars nearby to ensure cross-pollination.
In the early years, prune to establish strong central leadership and branch spacing. Remove suckers, dead wood, and any crowded or crossing limbs. Mature trees need minimal pruning.
With the right conditions and a little dedication, your tree will become a beloved part of your landscape—and your kitchen!
Technically—yes! But with important caveats. Pecan trees are giants, growing tall with deep taproots that make them better suited to open ground. However, container growing is a fun and educational option for dwarf varieties or young seedlings—just don’t expect it to be permanent or super productive.
Container-growing a pecan tree is best as a short-term project, starter tree, or ornamental curiosity—not a long-term nut orchard. Still, it’s a great way to get up close with one of North America’s most iconic trees—even if just for a season or two.
Pecans are ready for harvest in late fall, usually between September and November depending on your location and the cultivar. You’ll know it’s time when the green outer husks split open and the nuts begin falling naturally from the tree.
Proper storage helps preserve the flavor, texture, and nutrients of pecans—and keeps them from going rancid due to their healthy oils.
Growing a pecan tree from scratch can be a rewarding journey, though it requires time, patience, and the right technique. While trees can be started from seed, most are propagated by grafting or budding to ensure predictable nut quality and earlier harvests.
Pecan trees are productive and majestic, but they do face challenges from a variety of pests and diseases—especially in warm, humid regions. Early identification and proper care are key to managing these issues.
Tip: Healthy trees are more resilient. Focus on good cultural practices—like watering, fertilizing, and seasonal pruning—to keep pecans productive and pest-resistant.
Pecan pie is a classic Southern dessert that’s as indulgent as it is delicious. Here’s a simple way to make it:
Pecan trees can grow over 80 feet (24 meters) tall with a spread of 50 feet (15 meters) or more. They need a lot of space!
They prefer deep, well-drained sandy loam with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0—neutral to slightly acidic.
Plant while dormant—in late winter or early spring—for the best establishment.
Space trees 40 to 70 feet apart to accommodate their mature size and allow air circulation.
Water weekly, especially in sandy soils, keeping the soil evenly moist—not soggy.
Yes! Prune in late winter or early spring to promote a central leader and remove lower limbs.
Expect nuts 6 to 10 years after planting—sooner with grafted trees, later with seed-grown ones.
This is called alternate bearing. Consistent care and fertilization help reduce it.
Pecan aphids, borers, and scab are common. Monitor trees and treat early if problems arise.
Many varieties are self-fertile, but planting a second tree improves pollination and yield.
Hardiness |
5 - 9 |
---|---|
Plant Type | Trees |
Plant Family | Juglandaceae |
Genus | Carya |
Common names | Pecan |
Exposure | Full Sun |
Season of Interest | Spring (Mid, Late), Summer (Early, Mid, Late) |
Height | 70' - 100' (21.3m - 30.5m) |
Spread | 40' - 70' (12.2m - 21.3m) |
Maintenance | Average |
Water Needs | Average |
Soil Type | Chalk, Clay, Loam, Sand |
Soil pH | Acid, Neutral |
Soil Drainage | Moist but Well-Drained |
Characteristics | Showy, Fruit & Berries |
Native Plants | United States, Northeast, Maryland, Midwest, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Ohio, Indiana, Southeast, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Southwest, Texas, Oklahoma |
Attracts | Birds |
Garden Styles | Prairie and Meadow |
Hardiness |
5 - 9 |
---|---|
Plant Type | Trees |
Plant Family | Juglandaceae |
Genus | Carya |
Common names | Pecan |
Exposure | Full Sun |
Season of Interest | Spring (Mid, Late), Summer (Early, Mid, Late) |
Height | 70' - 100' (21.3m - 30.5m) |
Spread | 40' - 70' (12.2m - 21.3m) |
Maintenance | Average |
Water Needs | Average |
Soil Type | Chalk, Clay, Loam, Sand |
Soil pH | Acid, Neutral |
Soil Drainage | Moist but Well-Drained |
Characteristics | Showy, Fruit & Berries |
Native Plants | United States, Northeast, Maryland, Midwest, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Ohio, Indiana, Southeast, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Southwest, Texas, Oklahoma |
Attracts | Birds |
Garden Styles | Prairie and Meadow |
How many Carya illinoinensis (Pecan) do I need for my garden?
Plant | Quantity | |
---|---|---|
Carya illinoinensis (Pecan) | N/A | Buy Plants |
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Create a membership account to save your garden designs and to view them on any device.
Becoming a contributing member of Gardenia is easy and can be done in just a few minutes. If you provide us with your name, email address and the payment of a modest $25 annual membership fee, you will become a full member, enabling you to design and save up to 25 of your garden design ideas.
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