Melocactus matanzanus (Turk’s Cap Cactus)

Melocactus matanzanus is a unique and captivating species of cactus known for its striking appearance and distinctive cephalium, a woolly structure on top of mature plants. Due to this cephalium, it is commonly referred to as the Turk’s Cap Cactus. It is a small, slow-growing cactus that stands out among other members of the cactus family.

This Turk’s Cap Cactus is a member of the Cactaceae family, which also includes the popular Chrismas cactus, prickly pear (opuntia), pincushion cactus (mammillaria), and the iconic saguaro cactus and San Pedro cactus.

Description

Melocactus matanzanus is a globular cactus species that starts as a small, spherical plant. What makes this species particularly unique is the development of a cephalium, a dense, woolly structure that forms at the top of the plant as it matures. This cephalium is where the cactus produces its flowers and fruits, making it a defining characteristic. The cactus itself is typically green, with distinct ribs and spines covering its surface.

The cephalium, typically orange-red, adds a unique aesthetic to the plant. The contrast between the cactus’s green body and the reddish cephalium makes Melocactus matanzanus highly sought after in collections.

This cactus is a popular and desirable species worldwide as an ornamental plant.

Native Habitat

Melocactus matanzanus is native to Cuba, specifically in the Matanzas region, which is how the plant gets its species name. It grows in rocky limestone soils in coastal areas, where the environment is warm, sunny, and relatively dry. The plant is well-adapted to these conditions, thriving in areas with strong sunlight and minimal rainfall.

Plant Type and Habit

Melocactus matanzanus is a globular cactus with a compact, spherical growth habit. It typically grows as a single, slow-growing plant.

Plant Size

This is a small cactus, generally growing 3 inches (7 cm) tall and wide. The cephalium itself can grow to a height of around 3 inches (7 cm) or more, depending on the age and health of the plant.

Cactus Flowers

The flowers are small but notable. They emerge from the cephalium, typically in shades of rose-pink to carmine. The funnel-shaped flowers add a pop of color and contrast against the woolly cephalium.

This flowering cactus typically blooms in the summer, though the exact timing can vary depending on the growing conditions. Once the cactus develops its cephalium, it can bloom each year, with flowers appearing periodically throughout the blooming season. The blooms last briefly, often a few days, before wilting and giving way to fruit. This cactus starts flowering in 4 to 5 years.

Stem and Spines

The stem is globular or slightly cylindrical and covered in distinct ribs, usually between 8 and 9. These ribs are lined with areoles, which produce the cactus’s spines. The spines are brownish-gray or white. The central spine can reach up to 2 inches (5 cm) in length, while the 7 to 8 radial spines measure between 1¼ to 2 inches  (3 and 5 cm), providing a protective covering for the plant.

Hardiness

Melocactus matanzanus is hardy in USDA zones 10-11, meaning it prefers warm temperatures and cannot tolerate frost. It thrives in temperatures between 60°F and 85°F (15°C to 29°C) and must be protected from cold weather. In cooler climates, it is best grown indoors or in a greenhouse during the winter months.

Uses

The primary use of Melocactus matanzanus is as an ornamental plant. It is highly prized by cactus collectors for its unique appearance, especially the cephalium, which sets it apart from other species. It is commonly grown in containers or rock gardens, where it adds a distinct architectural element. Due to its compact size, it is also well-suited for indoor gardens or windowsills where space is limited.

Wildlife

In its native habitat, this cactus attracts birds and small mammals drawn to its fruits. These animals help with the dispersal of the cactus’s seeds, ensuring the species’ survival in the wild. The flowers also attract pollinators, such as bees and butterflies.

Toxicity

This cactus is non-toxic to humans and pets. However, its spines can cause physical irritation if handled without care. It’s best to handle the plant with gloves to avoid injury from the sharp spines.

Deer and Rabbits

The spines are a natural deterrent to deer and rabbits, which tend to avoid this cactus.

Drought Tolerance

Like many desert cactus plants, the Turk’s Cap Cactus is highly drought-tolerant. Its ability to store water in its stem allows it to survive extended periods without rain. Once established, it requires minimal watering, making it an ideal plant for dry, low-water environments.

Invasiveness

Melocactus matanzanus is not considered an invasive species. It grows slowly and does not spread aggressively, making it easy to manage in cultivation.

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species classifies Melocactus matanzanus as critically endangered. The primary reasons for its critical status are habitat loss, overcollection, and the limited range of its natural habitat in the Matanzas region of Cuba. The destruction of its natural environment due to agriculture, urbanization, and illegal collection for the ornamental plant trade has significantly impacted its population, putting this species at serious risk of extinction in the wild. Conservation efforts are crucial to protect this unique cactus species.

Benefits

The primary benefit of Melocactus matanzanus is its ornamental value. The unique combination of the green, ribbed body and the orange-red cephalium makes it a striking addition to any cactus collection or garden. Its small size and slow growth make it suitable for growing in containers or in limited spaces, and its drought tolerance makes it a low-maintenance plant for busy gardeners.

Melocacactus Care

Proper care is essential for this slow-growing species to thrive, as it has specific needs that are different from those of many other cacti.

Light

• Bright, indirect light is best. Melocactus prefers a lot of sunlight but should be protected from harsh, direct midday sun, especially in hot climates, to prevent sunburn.
• If grown indoors, place it near a south-facing window with filtered sunlight or use grow lights for adequate exposure.

Soil

• Use a well-draining cactus mix. Add extra perlite, pumice, or sand to improve drainage.
• Melocactus is sensitive to waterlogged soil, so ensure the pot has drainage holes.

Watering

• Water during the growing season (spring and summer) when the soil is dry to the touch. Allow the top 2-3 inches of soil to dry out before watering again.
• In winter, reduce watering significantly, but do not let the plant completely dry out, as Melocactus is less tolerant of drought than other cacti.

Humidity and Temperature

• Melocactus thrives in warm temperatures, preferring 60°F to 85°F (15°C to 29°C).
• It is not frost-tolerant, so keep it indoors or in a greenhouse during cold weather (below 50°F/10°C).
• Unlike many cacti, Melocactus enjoys slightly higher humidity levels.

Fertilizer

• Feed with a diluted, balanced cactus fertilizer every 4-6 weeks during the growing season. Avoid fertilizing in winter when the plant is dormant.

Pruning

• Minimal pruning is needed. Only remove dead or damaged parts with sterile tools to maintain the plant’s shape.

Propagation

• Melocactus is typically propagated by seeds, as it rarely produces offsets. Sow seeds in a well-draining mix, keeping them warm and moist until germination.

Pests and Diseases

• Watch for common cactus pests like mealybugs and spider mites. Treat infestations with insecticidal soap or neem oil.
• Avoid overwatering to prevent root rot

General Care Tips

• Melocactus develops its cephalium at maturity, a sign that it has entered its reproductive phase. Once this happens, growth will slow, and the plant requires more care, especially with watering and temperature regulation.
• Repot only when necessary, as Melocactus prefers slightly root-bound conditions.