Ferocactus cylindraceus (California Barrel Cactus)

Ferocactus cylindraceus, commonly known as the California Barrel Cactus or Desert Barrel Cactus, is a distinctive, hardy plant native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. This cactus species is revered for its cylindrical shape, vibrant flowers, and ability to thrive in harsh desert conditions.

The California Barrel Cactus is a member of the Cactaceae family, which also includes the popular Chrismas cactus, prickly pear (opuntia), pincushion cactus (mammillaria), and the iconic saguaro cactus and San Pedro cactus.

Description

The California Barrel Cactus is a robust, barrel-shaped cactus with prominent vertical ribs and long, sharp spines. The plant typically takes on a cylindrical form as it matures, growing taller and more elongated compared to other species in the Ferocactus genus. The plant’s skin is typically green, and it is adorned with dense, curved spines that range from yellow to red. This cactus produces vibrant, funnel-shaped flowers, making it an attractive addition to desert gardens.

Native Habitat

Ferocactus cylindraceus is native to the Sonoran, Mojave, and Colorado Deserts of the southwestern United States, particularly in California, Arizona, Utah, and Nevada. It is also found in Baja California and northern Mexico. It thrives in sandy or rocky soils and often grows in arid, rocky foothills and slopes. This cactus is highly adaptable to extreme heat and drought conditions.

Plant Type and Habit

The California Barrel Cactus is a perennial succulent. This is a colorful barrel cactus that typically grows unbranched, forming a single, moderately tall column. Its upright habit features prominent vertical ribs and long, curved spines, and it often leans slightly to the south as it matures. This solitary cactus remains distinctive in its barrel-like form, making it a striking addition to arid landscapes.

Plant Size

This barrel cactus can grow up to 10 feet (3 meters) tall, though it typically reaches about 6-8 feet (1.8 to 2.4 meters). The cactus has a diameter of approximately 1-2 feet (30 to 60 cm), giving it a tall, slender appearance compared to other barrel cacti that tend to grow wider.

Cactus Flowers

The flowers of this barrel cactus are funnel-shaped, with a unique color pattern: maroon on the outside and bright yellow inside, often with red tints and yellow centers on the side facing the sun. These vibrant flowers measure 3 to 6 cm (1.2 to 2.4 in) in length and 4 to 6 cm (1.6 to 2.4 in) in diameter. In spring or summer, they appear as a crown of bright yellow or red blooms atop the cactus, creating a vibrant display against its spiny, green body.

Fruits

After the flowers have been pollinated, this barrel cactus produces yellow, spiny fruits shaped like small barrels. These fruits are edible but not commonly consumed. They contain numerous black seeds dispersed by animals or the wind. While fruits are not a staple for human consumption, they do provide an important food source for desert wildlife.

Stem and Spines

The stem of this cactus barrel features 18 to 27 distinct ribs, each adorned with long, abundant spines. These spines are straight and red when young, gradually becoming curved and gray as they age. Each areola contains four to seven central spines, measuring 5 to 15 cm (2.0 to 5.9 in) in length, along with 15 to 25 radial spines that resemble strong, protective hairs, enhancing the cactus’s formidable appearance.

Hardiness

Ferocactus cylindraceus is hardy in USDA zones 9-11 and can withstand temperatures as low as 20°F (-6°C) for short periods. While it is well-adapted to hot, dry environments, the cactus can tolerate brief exposure to frost. However, prolonged cold or wet conditions can be detrimental to its health. In regions with cooler climates, it is best to grow this cactus in containers that can be moved indoors during winter.

Uses

• Ornamental: Ferocactus cylindraceus is often used in desert landscaping and xeriscaping due to its impressive size and minimal water requirements. Its tall, cylindrical shape makes it a striking focal point in desert gardens, rock gardens, succulent gardens, or containers.
• Edible Fruits: While the spiny fruits are not commonly consumed by humans, they are technically edible. Indigenous peoples have traditionally harvested and consumed the fruits after removing the spines.
• Traditional Uses: The spines of Ferocactus were historically used by Native Americans for crafting tools such as fishing hooks and needles.

Wildlife

The flowers and fruits of the barrel cactus are important sources of food for pollinators, including bees, moths, and birds. Desert animals, such as rodents and small mammals, eat the cactus’s fruit and help disperse its seeds. The cactus also provides shelter for small animals and reptiles, which hide under its spines to avoid predators and the intense desert heat.

Toxicity

The California barrel cactus is not toxic to humans or animals, but its long, sharp spines can cause injury. The spines can easily puncture the skin, leading to irritation, infection, or more serious injuries if not handled carefully. Gloves and protective clothing are recommended when handling or working near this cactus.

Deer and Rabbits

Due to its formidable spines, this desert plant is highly resistant to deer and rabbits, which typically avoid feeding on it. The spines deter herbivores, ensuring the cactus remains undisturbed in its desert habitat.

Drought Tolerance

Like most desert cacti, this barrel cactus is highly drought-tolerant. Its ability to store water in its thick stem allows it to survive extended periods without rainfall. Once established, it requires very little water, making it an ideal plant for water-efficient gardens or xeriscaping projects.

Invasiveness

Ferocactus cylindraceus is not considered invasive. It grows slowly and does not spread aggressively, making it suitable for cultivation in gardens without the risk of becoming a nuisance. Its controlled growth and solitary habit make it a safe choice for both natural and cultivated landscapes.

With its sculptural form and picturesque qualities, this already rare cactus is increasingly threatened by plant collectors. Additionally, it is losing habitat due to land clearing for new wind farms and solar power plants in the Mojave and Colorado Deserts.

Benefits

• Water Conservation: Ferocactus cylindraceus is perfect for xeriscaping and desert gardens due to its minimal water requirements. It thrives in dry climates and helps reduce water usage in arid regions.
• Wildlife Habitat: The cactus provides essential food and shelter for desert wildlife, supporting the health and diversity of local ecosystems.
• Erosion Control: Its deep root system helps stabilize soil in desert environments, preventing erosion on rocky slopes and in sandy areas.

Interesting Facts

• Longevity: Ferocactus cylindraceus can live for many decades, with some specimens surviving for over 100 years.
• Compass Cactus: Like other barrel cacti, Ferocactus cylindraceus often leans toward the south, a phenomenon that helps the plant maximize sunlight while reducing exposure to intense heat.
• Water Source: In survival situations, the pulp of the cactus can be used as a source of emergency water, although it is bitter and should be consumed with caution.

Barrel Cactus Care

Light Requirements: Barrel cacti thrive in full sun, requiring at least 6 hours of direct sunlight per day. They prefer bright, unfiltered light, making them ideal for sunny outdoor locations or south-facing windows if grown indoors.

Soil Requirements: Use well-draining, sandy, or rocky soil. A cactus or succulent mix works well, and adding sand or perlite improves drainage. Barrel cacti are highly susceptible to root rot if planted in heavy, water-retentive soil.

Watering: Water sparingly. Allow the soil to completely dry out between waterings. During the growing season (spring and summer), water every 2-3 weeks. In winter, reduce watering to once a month or less as the cactus enters dormancy.

Fertilizing: The barrel cactus does not require heavy feeding. Fertilize once during the growing season with a diluted cactus fertilizer.

Pruning and Maintenance: Barrel cacti require minimal pruning. Remove dead or damaged spines and spent flowers using sterilized tools. Be careful to avoid damaging the plant’s surface.

Propagation: Propagate through seed or offsets. Seeds can be sown in well-draining soil, while offsets can be carefully removed and planted once they have dried out for a few days.

Pests and Diseases:  Barrel cacti are generally pest-resistant but can occasionally be affected by mealybugs, spider mites, fungus gnats, and scale insects. Use neem oil to treat infestations of mealybugs and spider mites. Use sticky traps or hand-pick scale insects and gnats. Root rot is the most common disease, caused by overwatering or poor drainage.