Gerbera jamesonii (Gerbera Daisy)

Gerbera jamesonii, commonly known as the Gerbera Daisy or Transvaal Daisy, is one of the most popular ornamental flowers in the world, both as cut flower and pot plant. Originating from South Africa, this perennial flower is cherished for its large, daisy-like flowers that bring a splash of color to any setting for months. Gerbera daisy is a staple in the cut flower industry due to its long vase life and wide array of colors.

Gerbera jamesonii – Gerbera Daisy: An In-depth Look

Gerbera jamesonii is characterized by its bright, bold flowers, which come in a plethora of colors, including yellow, orange, white, pink, and red. The flowers are held on long, slender stems that rise above a rosette of dark green, lobed leaves. Each flower consists of a central disc surrounded by numerous ray petals, creating a striking appearance.

Native: This plant is native to South Eastern Africa, where it thrives in open, sandy, and well-drained soils. Gerbera Daisies belong to the aster family, Asteraceae, along with daisies and sunflowers.

Plant Type and Habit: Gerbera daisy is an elegant, upright, evergreen perennial, often grown as an annual, that forms a basal rosette of leaves. It has a clump-forming habit, producing solitary flower stems that do not branch.

Size: The plant typically grows up to 24 inches (60 cm) and spreads to 18 inches (45 cm), forming a dense clump of foliage and flowers.

Flowers: Gerbera daisies are renowned for their large, colorful, single, or semi-double daisy-like flowers, measuring up to 5 inches (12 cm) across. They are perfect for cutting and have a long vase life (around 7 to 14 days), making them favorites in floral arrangements. Gerbera daisies bloom any time of the year (as perennial), with peaks in early summer and late fall.

Foliage: The foliage consists of tongue-shaped, dark green, lobed leaves that form a rosette at the base of the plant. The leaves can be up to 10 inches (25 cm) long and provide a lush, green backdrop for the colorful flowers.

Hardiness: This perennial flower is hardy in USDA zones 8-11. It can be grown as an annual or overwintered indoors in cooler climates.

Uses: Gerbera daisies are widely used as ornamental plants in gardens, pots, and as cut flowers. They are also popular in wedding bouquets and arrangements due to their varied colors and forms.

Wildlife: Gerbera daisies can attract bees and butterflies to the garden.

Deer and Rabbits: Gerbera daisies are somewhat resistant to deer, but rabbits will eat them.

Drought Tolerance: Gerbera daisies prefer regular watering but are somewhat drought-tolerant once established. However, prolonged drought can affect flowering and overall health.

Toxicity: Gerbera daisies are not considered toxic to humans or pets, making them a safe choice for households.

Invasiveness: Gerbera jamesonii is not considered invasive in its native range or in most areas where it is cultivated.

Benefits: Beyond their aesthetic appeal, Gerbera daisies can help purify the air. NASA studies have shown that they effectively remove certain toxins from indoor environments.

When to Plant Gerbera Daisies

In cooler climates (USDA zones below 8): Plant Gerbera Daisies in spring after the last frost when the soil has warmed up. This ensures cold temperatures won’t damage them.

In warmer climates (USDA zones 8 and above): They can be planted in the fall or early spring, allowing them to establish before the intense summer heat or in preparation for their winter growth period.

Where to Plant Gerbera Daisies

Sunlight: Choose a location that receives full sun for at least 6 hours a day. Gerbera Daisies thrive in bright light, which encourages maximum blooming. However, afternoon shade is appreciated in hot summer climates.

Soil: Ensure the planting site has organically rich, well-drained soil. These plants do not like to sit in waterlogged soil, as it can lead to root rot. Consider raising the bed or planting in containers with drainage holes if drainage is a concern.

How to Plant Gerbera Daisies

Soil Preparation: Work the soil to a depth of 8-10 inches (20-25 cm), incorporating organic matter like compost to improve drainage and fertility.

Planting: When planting Gerbera Daisies, be careful not to bury them too deep. The crown of the plant (where the stem meets the roots) should be slightly above the soil level to prevent rot. Space plants about 12-18 inches apart (30-45 cm) to allow for air circulation and growth.

Watering: After planting, water thoroughly. Establish a regular watering routine that keeps the soil moist but not soggy. Allow the top inch of soil to dry out between waterings.

Mulching: Apply a thin layer of mulch around the plants to help retain moisture, regulate soil temperature, and reduce weed competition. Avoid piling mulch against the plant stems to prevent moisture buildup and potential rot.

Gerbera Daisy Care

Water

• Water deeply whenever the top inch of soil feels dry to the touch. Avoid overhead watering to reduce the risk of leaf diseases. Drip irrigation or watering at the base of the plant is ideal.

Fertilizer

• Feed Gerbera Daisies with a balanced, slow-release fertilizer in the spring. You can also use a liquid fertilizer every two to four weeks during the growing season for potted plants.

Pruning and Deadheading

• Remove spent flowers (deadheading) to encourage continuous blooming. Cut the flower stem at the base of the plant to promote new growth. Remove any damaged or diseased foliage to keep the plant healthy.

Mulching

• Apply a layer of mulch around the base to conserve moisture, maintain soil temperature, and reduce weed growth. Keep the mulch a few inches away from the plant’s crown to prevent rot.

Overwintering

• In cooler climates (USDA zones below 8), Gerbera Daisies should be treated as annuals or overwintered indoors. Before the first frost, move potted plants indoors to a sunny location and reduce watering.

Division

• Every 2-3 years, divide clumps in early spring to rejuvenate the plants and prevent overcrowding. This also gives you more plants to spread around your garden or share with friends.

Propagation

• Propagate by seed, division in early spring, basal cuttings, or heel cuttings from side shoots in summer.

How To Grow Gerbera Daisies From Seed

• Sow Indoors: Start seeds indoors 6-8 weeks before the last expected frost.
• Seed Mix: Use a light, well-draining seed starting mix.
• Surface Sowing: Place seeds on the soil surface; they need light to germinate.
• Moisture: Keep the soil consistently moist, not waterlogged.
• Temperature: Maintain around 70°F (21°C) for optimal germination.
• Germination: Expect seeds to sprout in 2-3 weeks.
• Transplanting: Once seedlings have several true leaves, transplant them into individual pots.
• Hardening Off: Gradually acclimate plants to outdoor conditions before transplanting outside.
• Planting Outdoors: Choose a sunny location with well-draining soil after all frost danger has passed. To avoid rot, keep the root crown slightly above the soil level.
• Care: Water regularly and fertilize occasionally for best growth and blooms.

Potting / Repotting Gerbera Daisies

Potting and repotting Gerbera Daisies are key to their health and blooming success. Use a well-draining potting mix and a pot with drainage holes to prevent waterlogging. When repotting, choose a pot only slightly larger than the current one to avoid excess soil moisture. Gently loosen the root ball and place the plant at the same depth it was previously. Ensure you keep the root crown slightly above the soil level. Water thoroughly after repotting. Position the pot in a spot with ample sunlight. Repot every 1-2 years or when roots become crowded.

How to Harvest Gerbera

Choose the Right Time: Harvest Gerbera daisies in the cool of the morning after the dew has dried or in the late afternoon. Look for blooms that are fully open or just about to open.

Use Clean, Sharp Tools: Cut the stems with a clean, sharp pair of scissors or pruning shears. This prevents damage to the plant and reduces the risk of disease.

Cut at an Angle: Cut at a 45-degree angle about 1 inch from the base of the stem. This increases the surface area for water uptake.

How to Keep Long-Lasting Gerbera Daisies

The vase life of Gerbera daisies, when properly cared for, is typically around 7 to 14 days. This duration can be extended with the right care

Clean Vase: Use a clean vase to prevent bacterial growth. Wash it with soap and water before use.

Prepare Water: Fill the vase with lukewarm water. Warm water travels up the stem more efficiently than cold water. The stems of gerbera daisies can weaken and decay in deep water. Maintaining a shallow water level in the vase helps prevent this, ensuring the stems remain strong and the flowers are vibrant for longer.

Add Flower Food: Mix commercial flower food into the water according to package instructions. This gives the flowers essential nutrients and includes a biocide to keep the water clean.

Remove Lower Leaves: Strip any leaves from the stem that would sit below the water line. Leaves in the water can rot, creating bacteria that shorten the life of the flowers.

Place in the Right Spot: Keep the vase away from direct sunlight, drafts, and ripening fruit, which emits ethylene gas that can cause flowers to age prematurely.

Change Water Regularly: Replace the water every 2-3 days or if it becomes cloudy. Clean the vase and recut the stems at an angle each time to ensure optimal water uptake.

Trim Stems: Trimming about an inch off the stems during each water change can help extend the flowers’ vase life by ensuring the stems can absorb water efficiently.

Gerbera Daisy: Pests and Diseases

Gerbera Daisies are stunning flowers that can brighten up any garden space, but like all plants, they are susceptible to certain pests and diseases.

Pests

• Aphids: These small, soft-bodied insects suck sap from the leaves, causing them to curl and become distorted. Aphids can also spread viruses.
• Spider mites: Tiny spider-like pests that cause the leaves to appear speckled or discolored due to their feeding. Heavy infestations can lead to webbing on the plant.
• Whiteflies: Small, white-flying insects that feed on the underside of leaves, causing yellowing and reduced vigor.
• Thrips: Tiny insects that feed on flowers and leaves, leading to distorted growth and discolored flower petals.

Diseases

• Powdery mildew: A fungal disease that presents as a white powdery substance on the leaves and stems. It thrives in both high humidity and dry conditions.
• Gray mold or Botrytis: This fungus affects the flowers, leaves, and stems, especially in cool, wet conditions, causing a gray, fuzzy mold.
• Root rot: Overwatering or poor drainage can lead to root rot caused by various fungi. Affected plants may wilt, yellow, or die back.

Gerbera Common Problems

When Gerbera daisies experience problems such as not blooming, wilting, or yellowing leaves, it can be due to a variety of issues. Understanding and addressing the underlying cause is key to restoring plant health. Here are some potential reasons and their symptoms:

Not Blooming

• Insufficient Light: Gerberas need at least 6 hours of sunlight to bloom. Lack of adequate light can prevent flowering.
• Overfertilization: Too much nitrogen can encourage leaf growth at the expense of blooms.
• Age of Plant: Very young or very old plants may bloom less prolifically.

Wilting

• Water Stress: Both underwatering and overwatering can cause wilting. Check the soil moisture to determine the issue.
• Root Rot: Caused by overwatering or poor drainage, leading to decayed roots and a plant that cannot uptake water properly.

Yellowing Leaves

• Watering Issues: Both overwatering and underwatering can lead to yellow leaves. Ensure consistent soil moisture and good drainage.
• Nutrient Deficiency: A lack of essential nutrients, such as nitrogen, potassium, or magnesium, can cause yellowing.
• Poor Drainage: Compacted or waterlogged soil can suffocate roots, leading to yellow foliage.

Frequently Asked Questions

Are Gerbera Daisies Perennials?

Gerbera Daisies (Gerbera jamesonii) are perennials in USDA hardiness zones 8-11, where they can survive winter conditions and bloom each year. They are often grown as annuals in cooler zones or can be brought indoors to overwinter.

Are Gerbera Daisies Poisonous to Cats?

Gerbera Daisies are non-toxic to cats, dogs, and horses. According to the ASPCA, they are considered one of the safe plants to have around pets.

How to Keep Gerbera Daisies Blooming?

To keep Gerbera Daisies blooming, ensure they receive adequate sunlight, water, and nutrients. Deadhead spent flowers to encourage new blooms.

Do Gerbera Daisies Come Back Every Year?

In the right conditions (zones 8-11), they can come back every year. In cooler zones, they can be grown as annuals or overwintered indoors to bloom again.

Do Gerbera Daisies Do Better in Pots or in the Ground?

Gerbera Daisies can thrive both in pots and in the ground, provided they have well-drained soil and adequate sunlight. Pots offer better drainage control and the flexibility to move plants to optimal locations or indoors during harsh weather.

Do Gerbera Daisies Like Sun or Shade?

Gerbera Daisies perform best in full sun to partial shade. They require at least 6 hours of direct sunlight daily to bloom profusely. While they can tolerate some shade, too little sunlight may reduce blooming and weaken the plant.