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Basil: Planting, Growing, and Harvesting

Basil, an aromatic herb with a delightful fragrance and flavor, and a versatile and popular addition to culinary dishes, gardens, and even herbal remedies.

Learn how to plant, grow and harvest basil and add flavor to your favorite recipes

Fragrant, flavorful, and easy to grow, basil is a staple herb in kitchens and gardens around the world. Whether used fresh or dried, its aromatic leaves elevate everything from sauces and salads to meats and marinades.

Basil at a Glance: Origins, Growth, and Garden Versatility

Origin and Family: Basil (Ocimum basilicum) is a beloved member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), related to rosemary, mint, sage, oregano, and thyme. Native to tropical Asia, it made its way to the Mediterranean with the Greeks and Romans and eventually spread across Europe and the Americas. Today, dozens of varieties offer a dazzling range of flavors, leaf colors, and textures—from classic sweet basil to bold Thai and lemon types.

Growth Habit and Climate Needs: Most basil plants are tender perennials that thrive in hot, sunny climates. In cooler climates, they are usually grown as aromatic annuals. Adaptable to the heat, Basil is a warm-season herb that is frost-sensitive and does not survive a light frost, so plant it after the danger of frost has passed.

Harvest Time and Ease of Cultivation: Depending on varieties, Basil is ready to harvest 60 to 90 days after planting. It is regarded as one of the easiest plants to grow—perfect for gardeners of all levels.

Growing Basil Indoors or Outdoors: Equally at home on a windowsill or in the garden, basil thrives in a sunny, sheltered spot with well-draining soil. Whether you grow it in pots, raised beds, or tucked among your tomatoes, it delivers beauty, fragrance, and flavor in abundance.

Most Popular Basil Types

  • Sweet Basil: The classic variety with large, smooth, glossy green leaves and a sweet flavor. A staple in Italian cuisine, it’s perfect for salads, pasta dishes, and pesto. 18–24 in. tall (45–60 cm).
  • Genovese Basil: Especially prized for pesto, this variety has large, slightly crinkled leaves and a complex aroma with notes of jasmine, lemon, and licorice. 24–36 in. tall (60–90 cm).
  • Thai Basil (Ocimum basilicum var. thyrsiflora): Also called Licorice Basil, it has pointed green leaves with purplish veins and purple flower spikes. Savory, spicy, and anise-like, it holds up well to high-heat cooking. Native to Southeast Asia, it’s the go-to basil for authentic Thai cuisine. 12–18 in. tall (30–45 cm).
  • Greek Basil (Ocimum basilicum var. minimum): A compact variety with tiny, intensely flavored leaves. Ideal for containers, it adds punch to tomato sauces, pizzas, and pestos. 8–12 in. tall (20–30 cm).
  • Lemon Basil (Ocimum basilicum var. citriodorum): With narrow matte green leaves and a lemon-anise flavor, it’s a favorite in Southeast Asian and Middle Eastern cooking. Great for seafood dishes, lemonades, and infused butters. 24 in. tall (60 cm).
  • Opal Basil: Also known as Purple Basil, it features dramatic deep-purple leaves and small lilac flowers. The flavor is sweet and earthy, with hints of clove, ginger, and cinnamon. Excellent for ornamental and culinary use. 18 in. tall (45 cm).
  • Lettuce Leaf Basil: A slower grower with large, ruffled green leaves that resemble lettuce. Mild and slightly sweet, it’s perfect as a salad base or for wrapping. 18–24 in. tall (45–60 cm).
  • Cinnamon Basil: A tall variety with slender leaves and a warm, cinnamon-like aroma. Often used in Asian-inspired dishes like marinades, stir-fries, and teas. 24–36 in. tall (60–90 cm).

Guide Information

Hardiness 3 - 11
Plant Type Annuals, Herbs, Perennials
Plant Family Lamiaceae
Genus Ocimum
Exposure Full Sun
Season of Interest Spring (Late), Summer (Early, Mid, Late), Fall
Maintenance Low
Water Needs Average
Soil Type Loam, Sand
Soil pH Acid, Alkaline, Neutral
Soil Drainage Well-Drained
Characteristics Fragrant, Showy
Tolerance Rabbit, Deer
Attracts Bees, Butterflies
Landscaping Ideas Patio And Containers, Beds And Borders
Garden Styles City and Courtyard, Informal and Cottage, Mediterranean Garden
Ocimum basilicum ‘Dark Opal’ (Basil)
Ocimum basilicum ‘Genovese’ (Sweet Basil)
Ocimum basilicum (Basil)

Basil Benefits and Uses

Culinary Staple: Basil adds a sweet, peppery flavor to a wide range of dishes, especially in Italian and Southeast Asian cuisine. It’s a key ingredient in pesto and pairs beautifully with tomatoes, mozzarella, and olive oil.

Aromatic and Ornamental: With its lush green (or purple) foliage and fragrant scent, basil enhances gardens, patios, and kitchen windowsills. Its aroma helps deter pests naturally.

Natural Pest Repellent: Basil naturally repels asparagus beetle, aphids, tomato hornworm, mosquitoes, fruit flies, and thrips.

Medicinal Properties: Basil contains powerful compounds like eugenol and linalool, known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects. It has long been used in herbal remedies to aid digestion, calm stress, and support immunity.

Attracts Beneficial Insects: When in bloom, basil attracts bees, butterflies, such as the Black Swallowtail butterfly, and other pollinators, supporting a healthy garden ecosystem.

Companion Planting: Basil is a beneficial companion for asparagus, tomatoes, peppers, and other vegetables, improving their growth while protecting them from pests. Learn more about basil’s best and worst companion plants.

Indoor Herb: Basil grows well indoors in containers and is one of the best herbs to grow indoors all year, offering fresh leaves within reach anytime.

Edible Flowers: Basil flowers are edible and milder than the leaves, perfect for garnishes, teas, and herbal butters.

Deer and Rabbits: Basil is generally unappealing to deer and rabbits due to its strong scent and essential oils.

Pets: According to the ASPCA, basil is non-toxic to cats and dogs.

Ocimum basilicum ‘Dolce Fresca’ (Sweet Basil)
Ocimum basilicum ‘Siam Queen’ (Thai Basil)
Ocimum tenuiflorum (Holy Basil)

When to Plant Basil

  • Basil seeds can be started indoors or sown directly in the garden.
  • Wait to sow outdoors until soil temperatures reach at least 70ºF (21°C) and nighttime temperatures stay above 50°F (10°C).
  • For a head start, begin seeds indoors about 6 weeks before your region’s last expected frost.
  • Seeds sprout quickly—usually within 5 to 10 days—and basil is ready to harvest in 60 to 90 days.
  • Plants are frost-sensitive and will decline as temperatures drop at the end of summer.
  • Use row covers or bring basil indoors when temperatures dip below 50°F (10°C) to prevent cold damage and dark leaf spots.

Where to Plant Basil

  • Basil is a heat-loving herb. It grows as a perennial in USDA zones 10–11 and as an annual in cooler regions.
  • Choose a location with full sun—at least 6 to 8 hours of direct light daily. In hot climates, it can tolerate some partial sun.
  • Plant basil in light, fertile, well-drained soil in a warm, sheltered spot.
  • It’s perfect for kitchen gardens, containers, raised beds, or tucked among vegetables.
  • Basil pairs well with asparagus, tomatoes, peppers, parsley, lettuce, beets, eggplant, marigolds, oregano, and more. Avoid planting it near rue (Ruta graveolens) and sage (Salvia officinalis), as they don’t grow well together.

How to Plant Basil

  • Sow seeds about 1/4 inch deep (0.5 cm). Cover lightly with vermiculite or fine soil and water gently.
  • When seedlings produce their first true leaves, thin them to 10–12 inches (25–30 cm) apart. For larger types, allow 16–24 inches (40–60 cm).
  • Wait until after the last frost to transplant seedlings outdoors. Harden them off gradually by exposing them to outdoor conditions for a few hours each day.
Ocimum basilicum ‘Everleaf Emerald Towers’ (Sweet Basil)
Ocimum x citriodorum (Lemon Basil)
Ocimum basilicum var. purpurascens ‘Purple Ruffles’ (Purple Basil)

How to Grow Basil

Water and Moisture

  • Keep it consistent: Basil likes its soil evenly moist—no extremes. During summer dry spells, keep up with watering to avoid stress.
  • Morning routine: Water early so roots don’t stay wet overnight. This helps prevent root rot and disease.
  • No overhead showers: Always water at the base of the plant. Wet leaves invite fungal problems like powdery mildew.
  • Mulch magic: Add mulch to lock in moisture and keep weeds at bay.
  • Quick moisture check: Stick your finger in the soil—if the top inch is dry, it’s time to water. But don’t drown the plant!
  • Potted basil dries faster: Water container plants more frequently, especially in hot, dry weather.

Fertilizing Basil

  • Less is more: Basil doesn’t crave heavy feeding. Too much fertilizer can weaken its flavor.
  • Monthly meal: Use a balanced, water-soluble fertilizer once a month during the growing season.
  • Containers need more: Feed potted basil every 2–4 weeks to keep it lush.
  • Go organic: Compost tea or diluted fish emulsion are great natural options that won’t overdo it.
  • Watch the leaves: Pale or yellow foliage could signal a nutrient deficiency—but avoid high-nitrogen formulas that boost leaves at the cost of flavor.

Deadheading and Pruning

  • Pinch early: Once your basil has 6–8 sets of leaves, pinch the stem tips to encourage bushy growth.
  • No flowers allowed: Remove flower buds as soon as they appear. Flowering can slow leaf production and signal the end of the season.

Overwintering Basil

  • Beat the frost: In cooler zones, bring basil indoors before the first frost. A sunny window or grow lights will keep it going.
  • One-season wonder: In most regions, basil is grown as an annual—start fresh each spring for the best harvest.

Basil, Sweet Basil, Basil Recipes, Fresh Basil, Ocimum basilicum


How to Harvest Basil

When to Harvest

  • Begin harvesting when plants are 6 to 8 inches tall.
  • Harvest in the early morning to preserve essential oils for better flavor.
  • Pick leaves often to stimulate new growth and delay flowering.

How to Harvest

  • Pick individual leaves as needed for fresh use.
  • Cut stems just above a leaf node to promote branching.
  • If frost is forecasted, harvest the whole plant ahead of time to prevent damage.
  • To harvest a whole stem, cut just above a cluster of side shoots near the base.
  • Remove any leaves that would sit below water when placed in a vase. Basil leaves last 7 to 10 days when kept in water like a bouquet.

How to Store Basil

  • In Water: Place basil stems in a glass of water at room temperature, away from direct sunlight. Change the water daily. It lasts 7 to 10 days.
  • Freezing: Chop and freeze basil in ice cube trays with water or olive oil. Great for adding directly to cooked dishes.
  • Drying: Hang small bunches upside down in a well-ventilated, dark place. Note: dried basil loses some of its flavor.
  • Oven Drying: Place leaves in a single layer on a baking sheet and dry at the lowest oven setting (door ajar) for 2–4 hours.
  • Pesto: Blend fresh basil with oil, garlic, nuts, and cheese. Freeze in small containers for long-term use.

Basil, Sweet Basil, Basil Plant, Basil Leaves, Basil Recipes, Fresh Basil, Ocimum basilicum,


How to Propagate Basil

From Cuttings

  • Step 1: Take 4–6 inch cuttings from healthy, non-flowering stems just below a leaf node.
  • Step 2: Remove the lower leaves, leaving the top few intact.
  • Step 3: Place the cuttings in a glass of water in a bright, warm spot out of direct sun.
  • Step 4: Change the water every few days. Roots will begin to form in 5–10 days.
  • Step 5: Once roots are at least 1–2 inches long, transplant the cuttings into pots or the garden.

From Seed

  • Indoor Start: Sow basil seeds indoors 6–8 weeks before the last frost. Use seed trays or small pots with moist seed-starting mix.
  • Surface Sowing: Basil seeds need light to germinate, so press them lightly into the soil without covering them.
  • Germination: Seeds sprout in 5–10 days at temperatures between 70–75°F (21–24°C).
  • Transplanting: Move seedlings outdoors after the danger of frost has passed and the soil has warmed.

Basil, Sweet Basil, Basil Plant, Basil Leaves, Basil Recipes, Fresh Basil, Ocimum basilicum,


Common Pests and Diseases of Basil

Pests

Aphids

  • Symptoms: Sticky residue (honeydew), curled or deformed leaves, and yellowing foliage.
  • Treatment: Spray with a strong stream of water or apply insecticidal soap or neem oil. Reflective mulch can also help deter them.

Thrips

  • Symptoms: Silvery marks or pale patches on leaves, often causing leaf discoloration.
  • Treatment: Remove and dispose of infested plants. Use soap-based insecticides or organic contact sprays.

Japanese Beetles

  • Symptoms: Large irregular holes in leaves, leaving a lacy appearance.
  • Treatment: Hand-pick beetles early in the morning, apply neem oil or insecticidal soap. Floating row covers can help prevent infestations.

Snails and Slugs

  • Symptoms: Irregular holes in leaves, mostly visible in the morning.
  • Treatment: Scatter diatomaceous earth or crushed eggshells around plants. Hand-pick at night for best results.

Earwigs

  • Symptoms: Ragged holes in leaves, especially overnight.
  • Treatment: Raise pots to eliminate hiding spots and apply insecticidal soap or carbaryl dust.

Cutworms

  • Symptoms: Seedlings cut off at soil level, especially overnight.
  • Treatment: Use collars around the base of young plants to protect stems from damage.

Flea Beetles

  • Symptoms: Small shot-hole damage on leaves, leading to poor growth.
  • Treatment: Cover plants with floating row covers and apply neem oil or diatomaceous earth.

Diseases

Fusarium Wilt

  • Symptoms: Yellow leaves, stunted growth, and brown streaks on stems.
  • Treatment: Remove and destroy infected plants. Avoid replanting basil in the same soil for several seasons.

Powdery Mildew

  • Symptoms: Powdery mildew appears as white, powdery spots on basil leaves, stems, and buds. Infected leaves may curl, yellow, and drop prematurely.
  • Treatment: Remove and destroy affected leaves. Improve air circulation and avoid overhead watering.

Gray Mold (Botrytis)

  • Symptoms: Soft, brown or gray fuzzy mold on leaves and stems.
  • Treatment: Remove affected parts, increase air circulation, and avoid overhead watering.

Bacterial Leaf Spot

  • Symptoms: Small black or brown spots on leaves, sometimes with yellow halos or stem streaking.
  • Treatment: Water at the base, avoid wetting leaves, and space plants to allow air flow.

Bacterial Wilt

  • Symptoms: Sudden wilting of plants despite green foliage.
  • Treatment: There is no effective treatment. Remove and destroy infected plants and rotate crops to reduce disease buildup.

Prevention and Control

  • Check plants often for early signs of pests and diseases.
  • Provide good airflow by spacing basil properly and pruning dense growth.
  • Use drip irrigation or water at the base to keep leaves dry.
  • Practice crop rotation to limit recurring soil-borne issues.
  • Promptly remove and discard infected plants to prevent further spread.

Basil, Sweet Basil, Basil Recipes, Fresh Basil, Ocimum basilicum


Frequently Asked Questions about Basil 

How to Trim Basil

Trim basil by pinching or cutting just above a pair of leaves or a leaf node. Start once the plant has at least 6 inches (15 cm) of growth. Regular trimming encourages bushier growth and delays flowering, which helps extend the harvest season.

Is Basil Toxic to Cats?

According to the ASPCA, basil is non-toxic to cats. However, while occasional nibbling is safe, large amounts may cause mild digestive upset. Avoid giving essential oils or concentrated basil products to pets.

Can Dogs Have Basil?

Yes, basil is safe for dogs in small amounts. It contains antioxidants and has anti-inflammatory properties. Fresh basil can be added in moderation to a dog’s meal, but consult your vet before offering it regularly, especially in large quantities or as an oil.

Can You Freeze Basil?

Yes, basil freezes well. Chop the leaves and place them in ice cube trays with water or olive oil. Once frozen, transfer cubes to an airtight container. Frozen basil is ideal for cooked dishes like soups, sauces, or stews.

How to Pick Basil

Pick basil by snipping just above a leaf node or set of leaves. Avoid taking more than one-third of the plant at once. Regular harvesting encourages new growth. For best flavor, pick in the morning before the sun is intense.

Companion Plants for Basil

Allium sativum (Garlic)
Borago officinalis (Borage)
Matricaria recutita (German Chamomile)
Origanum vulgare (Oregano)
Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato)
Capsicum annuum (Pepper)
Petroselinum crispum (Parsley)
Asparagus officinalis (Asparagus)
Beta vulgaris (Beet)
Raphanus sativus (Radish)
Tagetes (Marigold)
Tropaeolum (Nasturtium)
Compare All Ocimum (Basil)
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Guides with
Ocimum (Basil)
While every effort has been made to describe these plants accurately, please keep in mind that height, bloom time, and color may differ in various climates. The description of these plants has been written based on numerous outside resources.

Guide Information

Hardiness 3 - 11
Plant Type Annuals, Herbs, Perennials
Plant Family Lamiaceae
Genus Ocimum
Exposure Full Sun
Season of Interest Spring (Late), Summer (Early, Mid, Late), Fall
Maintenance Low
Water Needs Average
Soil Type Loam, Sand
Soil pH Acid, Alkaline, Neutral
Soil Drainage Well-Drained
Characteristics Fragrant, Showy
Tolerance Rabbit, Deer
Attracts Bees, Butterflies
Landscaping Ideas Patio And Containers, Beds And Borders
Garden Styles City and Courtyard, Informal and Cottage, Mediterranean Garden
Compare All Ocimum (Basil)
Compare Now
Guides with
Ocimum (Basil)

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