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Rosa x centifolia (Cabbage Rose)

Provence Rose, Cabbage Rose, Rose de Mai, Shrub Roses

Rose Water, Rosewater, Rosa Centifolia ,Rose des Peintres

Rosa x centifolia, also known as the Provence Rose or Cabbage Rose, is a historic and highly fragrant rose species cherished for its densely packed petals and globular blooms. First developed in the Netherlands between the 17th century and the 19th century, possibly earlier, this heirloom rose quickly became popular for its unique form and intense fragrance, which remains a cornerstone of the perfume industry.

The Cabbage Rose holds cultural, medicinal, and ornamental significance, making it a favorite in traditional rose gardens. Its lush blooms and versatility in uses, ranging from perfumery to culinary applications, have made it a treasured addition to gardens worldwide.

Roses belong to the Rosaceae family, which includes other plants such as Apples (Malus domestica), Peaches (Prunus persica), and Strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa).


Description

The Cabbage Rose is a deciduous shrub renowned for its large, double, globular blooms that resemble a “cabbage.” The flowers are soft pink to light purple and emit an intense, sweet fragrance that is widely regarded as one of the finest among roses.
Rosa centifolia blooms once in late spring to early summer, offering a profusion of flowers over a short but spectacular period. The blooms are highly valued for their use in perfumes, cosmetics, and rose water, while their aesthetic charm makes them a standout in gardens.


Native Habitat

Rosa x centifolia originated in Europe, specifically in the Netherlands, through hybridization involving Rosa gallica, Rosa moschata, and Rosa x damascena. Today, it is cultivated in regions with temperate climates, including Grasse, France, a historic center for perfume production, and Morocco, renowned for producing high-quality rose water and oil.


Plant Type and Habit

The Cabbage Rose is a deciduous shrub with an upright arching twiggy habit. Its slightly unkempt growth gives it a natural and informal appearance, making it ideal for cottage gardens, borders, and traditional rose beds.


Plant Size

This rose typically grows 4–5 feet (120–150 cm) tall with a spread of 2–4 feet (60–120 cm). Its manageable size ensures that it fits well in both small and large gardens, offering a lush display of blooms during its flowering season.


Flowers

The flowers are its most celebrated feature, admired for their beauty and fragrance.

  • Color: Soft pink to light purple with a delicate gradient.
  • Size: Each flower measures 3–4 inches (8–10 cm) in diameter.
  • Fragrance: Intensely sweet and rich, making it a favorite for perfumery.
  • Blooming Season: Once-blooming in late spring to early summer.
  • Shape: Fully double, with over 100 densely packed petals forming a “cabbage-like” appearance.

The petals are hand-harvested early in the morning to ensure the highest quality for essential oil and rose water production.


Foliage

The foliage consists of pinnate leaves with 5–7 leaflets. The gray-green green leaves are slightly textured and provide a vibrant backdrop to the rose’s lush blooms. Arching, thorny stems add to the plant’s rustic charm.


Hardiness

The Cabbage Rose thrives in USDA Zones 5–9, making it well-suited for temperate climates with well-draining soil.


Uses

The Cabbage Rose is highly valued for its wide range of applications:

  • Perfume Industry: Its petals are distilled to create luxurious rose essential oil.
  • Culinary Applications: Used in jams, syrups, and Middle Eastern desserts.
  • Medicinal Uses: Known for its anti-inflammatory and soothing properties.
  • Ornamental Gardening: Ideal for borders, cottage gardens, and hedges, adding timeless beauty.

Deer and Rabbit Resistance

Despite its thorny stems, deer and rabbits can cause damage.


Toxicity

The Cabbage Rose is non-toxic to humans and pets. Its edible petals are widely used in culinary preparations, herbal teas, and cosmetics.


Invasiveness

The Cabbage Rose is not invasive. Although it may produce occasional suckers, its growth is easy to manage and does not pose a threat to surrounding plants.


Rose Bush Care: How to Grow Healthy, Beautiful Cabbage Roses

Light Requirement

The Cabbage Rose thrives in full sun, requiring 6–8 hours of sunlight daily. Adequate sunlight ensures optimal blooming and growth.


Soil

This rose prefers well-draining, fertile soil enriched with organic matter. A pH range of 6.0–7.0 supports healthy growth and abundant flowering.


Water

Regular watering is essential, particularly during the growing season. Deep watering once or twice a week promotes strong roots, while avoiding waterlogged conditions minimizes disease risks.


Fertilizer

Feed Rosa centifolia with a balanced fertilizer (10-10-10) every 4–6 weeks during its active growth period. Organic fertilizers like compost or manure can enhance soil fertility.


Pruning

Prune after flowering to remove dead, damaged, or crossing branches. Overcrowded plants can be rejuvenated by removing older wood and encouraging fresh growth.


Propagation

Propagate Rosa centifolia using:

  • Hardwood Cuttings: Taken in late summer or autumn.
  • Softwood Cuttings: Taken in early or mid spring.
  • Chip Budding: Performed in summer.

Disease and Pest Resistance

Pest Resistance

This rose may attract common pests such as aphids, spider mites, scale insects, or caterpillars. These pests can damage foliage, flowers, and stems, reducing the plant’s vigor.

Disease Resistance

Damask Roses are susceptible to several fungal diseases, including rose black spot, rust, and powdery mildew. These diseases often thrive in humid conditions, causing leaf discoloration, defoliation, or stem dieback.

Prevention and Care

Proper care, including regular pruning, watering at the base, and maintaining healthy soil, minimizes the risk of pests and diseases, ensuring the health and beauty of the Cabbage Rose.

Requirements

Hardiness 5 - 9
Climate Zones 2B, 3, 3A, 3B, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, H1, H2
Plant Type Roses, Shrubs
Plant Family Rosaceae
Genus Rosa, Rosa - Shrub Rose
Common names Rose
Exposure Full Sun
Season of Interest Spring (Late), Summer (Early)
Height 4' - 5' (120cm - 150cm)
Spread 2' - 4' (60cm - 120cm)
Spacing 24" - 48" (60cm - 120cm)
Maintenance Average
Water Needs Average
Soil Type Chalk, Clay, Loam, Sand
Soil pH Acid, Neutral
Soil Drainage Moist but Well-Drained, Well-Drained
Characteristics Cut Flowers, Fragrant, Showy
Garden Uses Beds And Borders, Hedges And Screens, Patio And Containers
Garden Styles City and Courtyard, Informal and Cottage
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Alternative Plants to Consider

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While every effort has been made to describe these plants accurately, please keep in mind that height, bloom time, and color may differ in various climates. The description of these plants has been written based on numerous outside resources.
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Requirements

Hardiness 5 - 9
Climate Zones 2B, 3, 3A, 3B, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, H1, H2
Plant Type Roses, Shrubs
Plant Family Rosaceae
Genus Rosa, Rosa - Shrub Rose
Common names Rose
Exposure Full Sun
Season of Interest Spring (Late), Summer (Early)
Height 4' - 5' (120cm - 150cm)
Spread 2' - 4' (60cm - 120cm)
Spacing 24" - 48" (60cm - 120cm)
Maintenance Average
Water Needs Average
Soil Type Chalk, Clay, Loam, Sand
Soil pH Acid, Neutral
Soil Drainage Moist but Well-Drained, Well-Drained
Characteristics Cut Flowers, Fragrant, Showy
Garden Uses Beds And Borders, Hedges And Screens, Patio And Containers
Garden Styles City and Courtyard, Informal and Cottage
How Many Plants
Do I Need?
Explore Great Plant Combination Ideas
Rosa (Rose) Rosa (Shrub Roses)
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Compare Now

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